The Art Of Euclids Writing Essays - Foundations Of Geometry

The Art Of Euclid's Writing In Elements book one, Euclid fuses elaborate gadgets during the time spent demonstrating a progression of numerical hypotheses. One expressive part of Euclid's composing is his utilization of normal ideas, for example, the entire being more noteworthy than the part, and hypothesizes, for example, drawing a line from any point to any point. His initial utilization of regular thoughts and hypothesizes don't simply assist with demonstrating the specific recommendation, yet is utilized in later suggestions to convince the peruser of his evidences just as to ingrain trust in himself and the peruser of the ends he shows up at in the suggestions. Indeed, even before the genuine recommendations start, Euclid records the normal thoughts and hypothesizes of which he and the peruser concur with. By doing this, Euclid and the peruser believe in the confirmations. In another manner, the words ?basic thoughts? furthermore, ?hypothesizes? can be subbed by ?sound judgment? since it is ten focuses which everybody accepts to be valid. For instance, most of the ends in recommendation thirteen were shown up at utilizing basic ideas. The last three stages in at long last demonstrating recommendation thirteen depended on normal ideas. Since everybody concurs with the basic thoughts, Euclid is sure that he is making a consistent movement in demonstrating that if a straight line set up on a straight line make points, it will make either two right edges or edges equivalent to two right edges. In view of the general understanding of the hypothesizes and the regular ideas, and by posting them ahead of time, Euclid is sure that he is right when h e makes suppositions dependent on them. In a similar sense, the peruser additionally holds the ends that Euclid shows up at to be valid. Another likelihood to Euclid's utilization of hypothesizes and basic thoughts is that he frequently utilizes proposes to set up an issue in wording in which he knows to be right and afterward finishes up the recommendation with a typical idea. Euclid is sure that in the event that he can show up at a typical thought for the last advance, he can demonstrate the suggestion utilizing that specific basic idea. A case of this is recommendation two in which his initial phase in demonstrating the suggestion utilizes hypothesize one and by a coherent movement shows up at regular idea one at long last to demonstrate the recommendation. Another explanation behind Euclid's utilization of basic ideas and hypothesizes is the craving to convince the crowd that he is right when he utilizes normal thoughts to demonstrate proposes. For instance, in suggestion four, which expresses that if two triangles have the different sides equivalent to different sides separately, and have the points contained by the equivalent straight lines equivalent, they will likewise have the base equivalent to the base, the triangle will be equivalent to the triangle, and the rest of the edges will be equivalent to the rest of the edges individually, in particular those which the equivalent sides subtend, Euclid's last advance alludes to normal thought four, which eventually demonstrates the recommendation. Since Euclid realizes the peruser concurs with the regular thoughts, he can without much of a stretch convince them when he has a special interest so as to demonstrate a suggestion. Another model is suggestion two, that places at a given poin t (as a limit) a straight line equivalent to a given straight line, which is exclusively demonstrated utilizing hypothesizes and normal ideas. For this situation, Euclid can without much of a stretch convince the peruser in light of the fact that each progression of the recommendation included either a hypothesize or a typical idea. Since the peruser acknowledges all the hypothesizes and regular thoughts to be valid, Euclid can undoubtedly convince the peruser when each of the a recommendation contains is normal ideas and proposes. In another occasion, Euclid utilizes both a hypothesize and a typical thought to demonstrate one of the means of suggestion fifteen which expresses that if two straight lines cut each other, they make the vertical edges equivalent to each other. By satisfying the states of a hypothesize and a typical idea, the recommendation gives the peruser almost certainly that the confirmation will work. Euclid additionally utilizes a suggestion demonstrated by a typical idea to demonstrate a later recommendation. For instance, suggestions four and ten are associated in this

Human Sexuality Essays (165 words) - Slavery, Battle Of Fort Sumter

Human Sexuality The Civil War The Civil War began when the North needed to end bondage and the South needed to remain. The war had begun. The North and South pieces of the U.S.A were battleing at Fort Sumter. At the point when the main shot sprang out everybody began to shoot since one of the men got shot. Each side couldn't have cared less the amount they utilized their firearms since they had somewhere in the range of 30 and 42 pds. of black powder. The fight went on always many individuals passed on generally dark. The greater part of the individuals passed on each side . Than finnally on April 14, 1861 the clash of Fort Sumter finished. Significant Anderson had surrenderd. This was the skirmish of the century. Later they considered this fight the Civil War. To think this fight was distinctly about bondage. said a man.It seemms more than bondage. A blonde lady says It is more than servitude. To contemplate servitude. Human Sexuality

Solar Car Pulled Over

Solar Car Pulled Over Yesterdays Boston Herald had a story about the MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team (SEVT) getting into a little trouble: A group of MIT students were taking out the Tesseract a solar powered car that took third place in the 2003 World Solar Challenge in Australia for a spin on Mount Auburn Street when a state trooper pulled them over for not displaying a license plate yesterday morning. Other problems the trooper noticed: no headlights, no rearview mirror, overly tinted windows and no windshield wipers. For the record, it also looks a little like a stealth bomber. My friend and SEVT member Ben Glass 07 had somewhat of an explanation: Aerodynamics was the reason the license plates werent attached to Tesseract, said MIT student Ben Glass, who was traveling ahead in a lead car. Obviously its not built for the road, he said. I dont know if they were issued a fine, but if so, Id be more than happy to help defray the cost. Tesseract, the MIT solar electric vehicle. Next up for Tesseract: The North American Solar Challenge. The race will begin July 17th in Austin, TX, make its way through the Plains states/breadbasket provinces before finishing July 27th in Calgary, AB. Check out the schedule and best times for viewing in your town here.

Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant...

Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant Faiths The Mormon religion is very unique in many of its doctrine. While technically a Protestant faith, the Mormons generally share more doctrine with the Catholics. Because of its unique nature, I will be analyzing the Mormon faith, its history, organization, and doctrine, in comparison with the beliefs held by both Catholics and Protestants. Establishment On April 6, 1980, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (aka the Mormon Church) was founded. [It is interesting to note that according to Mormon doctrine (Doctrine and Covenants 20:1), April 6 is the birthday of Jesus Christ.] 10 years prior to this event, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph Smith†¦show more content†¦Both Martin Luther and John Wesley shared the belief that Catholic faith had strayed from the truth as is seen in their respective quotes: I have sought nothing beyond reforming the Church in conformity with the Holy Scriptures. . . . . . . I simply say that Christianity has ceased to exist among those who should have preserved it. (Luther and His Times, E.G. Schweibert) and It does not appear that these extraordinary gifts of the Holy Ghost were common in the Church for more than two or three centuries. We seldom hear of them after that fatal period when the Emperor Constantine called himself a Christian; . . . From this time they almost totally ceased; . . . The Christians had no more of the Spirit of Christ than the other Heathens . . . . This was the real cause why the extraordinary gifts of the Holy Ghost were no longer to be found in the Christian Church; because the Christians were turned Heathens again, and had only a dead form left. (The Works of John Wesley, vol. 7) While the Mormons agree with other Protestants that the Catholic Church had become corrupt with its indulgences, purchase of church offices, etc., the Mormons differed somewhat in their solution to this problem. The Protestants sought to reform the problems they saw evident in the Catholic faith. The Mormons, however, believing that all faiths upon the Earth had fallen away from the true church established by Christ, sought to restoreShow MoreRelatedThe Separation Between Church And State Essay1998 Words   |  8 Pagesthat show candidates/ elected officials’ adherence to religious beliefs. This is especially true when officials are campaigning for elected office. Politicians try to identify with voters’ religious beliefs, especially in local elections, where one religion may be fairly dominant. Sometimes this is a cynical pitch for votes but in other cases may represent that individual’s profound beliefs which result in their political views. This is evident through politicians trying to be photographed at religious

Human Trafficking As A Global Essay - 1902 Words

Human Trafficking as a Global Travesty Shauna Nguyen University of South Florida Saint Petersburg Abstract This research paper dives into the world of human trafficking looking into key details about the ethical implications of human trafficking as well as proposed solutions. With information such as statistics, methods of trafficking and the ending of trafficking that is found from websites from organizations that are dedicated to ending trafficking, the involvement of all countries are cited as necessary in ending this worldly crime. Information was found through University of South Florida’s library system and websites with information pertaining to their organization’s attempts at ending human trafficking. Articles utilized include Unintended Effects of United Nations Intervention, From Bush to Obama: Rethinking Sex and Religion in the U.S. Initiative to Combat Human Trafficking, Human Trafficking, and Supply and Demand: Human Trafficking in the Global Economy. In addition to these scholarly articles, websites used include the organizational websites of UNODC and UNICEF. Keywords: Human trafficking, ethics of trafficking, trafficking Shauna Nguyen INR 3038 27 November 2016 Research Paper Assignment Human Trafficking as a Global Travesty At a global level, Human trafficking has two terms that are key to defining it: â€Å"[It is] trafficking in Persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat orShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Is A Global Phenomenon1054 Words   |  5 Pagesexploitation of human beings who were forced into labor with no freedom of movement or choice. However, the reality of the situation is that slavery still exists today, and on an even greater scale than it did many years ago. That form of slavery is human trafficking. It is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery†. People are still stripped of human dignity, choice and human rights on a grand scale. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon that manifests in the form of sex trafficking, bonded laborRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Global Issue1280 Words   |  6 PagesTrade began long ago in the 15th Century, after the Portuguese started exploring the coast of West Africa. It is now six centuries later and we as a human race still cannot say that slavery has ended. Since the onset of African slave trading, trafficking of women and children has since developed and atrociously branched into the trafficking of human organs as well as sex. It wasn t until several hundreds of years later that the Emancipation Proclamation would be created and signed. President AbrahamRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Crime1439 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking, by definition, is â€Å"the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.† Most people would say that human trafficking is a very serious crime that needs to be bett er regulated and the laws pertaining to it needs to be more enforced to help those enslaved within break free. Others may say that because human trafficking is such a large and worldwide â€Å"business† that makes millions each year, it will be extremely difficult toRead MoreThe Global Impact Of Human Trafficking1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global impact of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a global issue that receives very little attention throughout the modern world; this issue effects every country on the global and all different types of cultures. Hillary Clinton said in 2009 â€Å"Trafficking thrives in the shadows, and it can be easy to dismiss it as something that happens to someone else, in somewhere else, but that is not the case. Trafficking is a crime that involves every nation on earth, and that includes our own.† (BehnkeRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Global Perspective1402 Words   |  6 PagesIn Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective, Louise Shelley examines why and how human occurs. Dr. Shelley, founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center and Professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University is a lead expert on transnational crime and terrorism. She has written numerous works on all sides of transnational crime and corruption. The main focus of her work is on the former Soviet Union. Shelley does an excellent job on giving the readerRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Phenomenon902 Words   |  4 PagesIn a world with a little over 6 billion people, 27 million of them suffer from the injustice of human trafficking. Freedom. It s the thing we as all human being s strive for in life. The one thing we should all be promised when put into this world. To think that slavery is something that is over and done with would be an ignorant statement. Slavery is still happening at this very moment, just under our noses. When we think of slavery we recall the African American slave trade that had presumablyRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Issue1322 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the development of globalization, human trafficking is getting worse and worse. The human trafficking is a global issue that everybody should care about. Lots of young people become a victim of human trafficking, whether in developing countries or developed countries. Some or ganizations and governments are beginning to solve this problem, but it is very hard to complete. Human trafficking, which is no respecter of national frontiers, is considered as a serious crime that has disturbed manyRead MoreHuman Trafficking as a Global Issue1405 Words   |  6 Pagessituation of servitude or forces labour – or the slave trade – the sale and transfer of vulnerable, exploited persons’ (2009, p.5). Essentially, Eaves points out that the issue of global slavery is not, and has never been, a large scale issue of the past, as so many would assume, it is a contemporary, large scale global issue which is startlingly and vastly present, with approximately 27 million ‘enslaved people worldwide, nearly three times the number of slaves traded during the height of the transatlanticRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Problem Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Human Trafficking is defined by Merriam – Websters dictionary , as the organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor . Human trafficking is one of the fastest growing trans national organized criminal activities generating an estimated $ 32 billion in annual revenue 2013 ( Wikipedia.)In the sex industry side of human trafficking a single girl can earnRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Problem1207 Words   |  5 Pagesextensively in the past and during our time on the United Nations Security Council to combat injustices around the globe and also to help nations in need. Some of the issues that our government has been especially focused on include the prevention of human trafficking, whether or not admit Palestine, Kosovo, and Taiwan to the United Nations, and which nation should have domain over the South China Sea. We have worked extensively to determine the best course of action regarding these issues, including reviewing

Middle-Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Free Essays

Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Lisa M. Sanford Maryville University Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Nursing theory has three distinct categories to describe the level of abstraction: Grand, Middle-Range, and Situation-Specific (Meleis, 2012, p. 33). We will write a custom essay sample on Middle-Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hugh McKenna (1997) defined these three categories, stating: Grand theory is highly abstract and is broad in scope. Middle-range theory is more focused and is normally the end product of a research study. Narrow-range theory is even more specific and while also being based on research findings, it guides specific actions in the achievement of desirable goals (p. 17). When thinking about nursing theory, one might ask: What is the purpose of theory? Is it even relevant to current nursing practice? The best response to answer these questions I have found is from Meleis (2012): The primary uses of theory are to provide insights about nursing practice situations and to guide research. Through interaction with practice, theory is shaped and guidelines for practice evolve. Research validates, refutes, and/or modifies theory as well as generates new theory. Theory then guides practice (p. 35). This explanation of theory by Meleis identifies nursing as a profession. Without theory to shape and guide nursing practice and research, nursing would not evolve and would remain stagnant. Additionally, without theory could nurses really claim that we are a profession? I think not. I believe that theory is necessary for the identity of nursing as a profession verses a vocation. The nursing profession as a whole has had issues with identity for various reasons. I believe this to be true in part due to the numerous educational ways of entering the profession. I cannot think of any other field where one could earn either a diploma, two-year associate’s degree or a four-year baccalaureate degree as a starting point into a profession. The educational debate still continues, however, in recent years more emphasis is being made to have the baccalaureate nurse the entry level of the nursing profession. Evidence from research has suggested that the baccalaureate-prepared nurse is associated with a five percent lower mortality rates in both the likelihood of patients dying within 30 days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue in hospitalized clients (Aiken, Clarke, Cheung, Sloane, Silber, 2003, p. 1617). This research study was conducted because nursing is a profession. Would research in nursing even exist if there were no theory? All in all, taken to its end, the loss of theory could mean the demise of nursing as a profession. When reflecting on current trends of clinical practice, I feel that middle-range theories are more applicable. Middle-range theories are broad enough to incorporate in everyday clinical practice for the average floor nurse without being too narrow in scope as the situation-specific theories. Additionally, middle-range theories are less abstract than grand theories and are easier to relate to and put into practice (Liehr Smith, 1999, p. 85). One example of applying middle-range nursing theory into practice is patient education. Patient education is a major focus of the clients I serve post transplant. It is imperative that a newly transplanted client understand his/her medications that are such an integral part of their new life in order to maintain the transplanted organ. â€Å"Caring through Relation and Dialogue: A Middle-Range Theory for Patient Education is derived from the two disciplines of nursing and education† (Sanford, 2000, p. 8). According to Sanford (2000), A middle-range theory addressing the phenomenon of patient education through caring can add clarity and direction to this area of concern for nursing, and it can provide an opportunity to link theory, practice, and research (p. ). Caring and dialogue are described in this theory as follows: Dialogue is a process of naming our world. It is a process that opens the possibility for participants to pose problems, to critically reflect, and to perceive solutions not previously realized. This process occurs within a caring relation where the carer and the cared-for exhibit receptivity and engage in â€Å"reflect ion, invitation, assessment, revision, and further exploration† (p. 9). Another example of the applicability of middle-range theory is the theory of care transitions. A hot topic in today’s times involves hospital acquired conditions (HACs) and readmission rates. Medicare expenditures are estimated at $15 billion annually due to readmissions (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a result, policymakers have implemented the The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, which eliminates any increase in hospital payments due to the occurrence of HACs. Furthermore, it is viewed that high readmission rates are a reflection of poor quality, and ospital payments for readmissions were recommended in the FY2010 budget from the Obama Administration to reduce payments for readmissions as one way of controlling Medicare expenditures (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a staff nurse, I am all aware of the importance of HACs and the importance of diligent documentation. For example, when a client is admitted a thorough assessment is completed. Wounds and skin breakdown are crucial to document upon an admission or a transferred client to our division. If the documentation of skin assessment is not completed correctly, then the â€Å"blame† is placed on our unit for an ulceration if it was not charted within 24 hours of admission. What are the causes or issues that surround care transitions? Increasingly fragmented care is one reason associated with hospital readmission rates. Issues include communication breakdowns related to plans of care, unclear expectations, uncertainty about illness trajectories, lack of continuity in medical follow-up, and incomplete or inaccurate understanding of medication regimens (Geary Schumacher, 2012, p. 237). In my practice of nursing, the utilization of inpatient care management for clients begins upon admission in preparation for discharge. A multidisciplinary approach of the transplant team includes the doctors, inpatient nurses, social workers, dieticians, case coordinators, post-transplant coordinators, and transplant pharmacists working together to coordinate and ensure continuity of care upon discharge. According to Geary Schumacher (2012), â€Å"Through the transition process, agents act and interact within relationship with each other, causing emergence of new behaviors and outcomes. Just as important, through supportive dialogue and discussion, sensemaking is enabled for everyone involved in the transition, effectively reenvisioning multiple understandings of the situation and changing outcomes for the better† (p. 246). Middle-range nursing theories can be viewed as a cookbook for nursing. There are many recipies in the middle-range theories which can be utilized by the average hospital-based nurse in a variety of ways. In any given 12-hour shift of a nurse, there are several theories which can be applied to specific situations. I have unknowingly used nursing theory in my practice over the years. This course has brought to my attention the diverse ways in which I have used middle-range nursing theories and has given me a better understanding of how nursing theory is applied to current clinical nursing practice. It is my opinion that middle-range nursing theories will continue to guide nursing practice throughout the 21st Century. References Aiken, L. H. , Clarke, S. P. , Cheung, R. B. , Sloane, D. M. , Silber, J. H. (2003). Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical Patient Mortality. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(12), 1617-1623. Averill, R. F. , McCullough, E. C. , Hughes, J. S. , Goldfield, N. I. , Vertrees, J. , Fuller, R. L. (2009, Summer). Redisigning the Medicare Inpatient PPS to Reduce Payments to Hospitals with High Readmission Rates. Health Care Financing Review, 30(4), 1-15. Geary, C. R. , Schumacher, K. L. (2012). Care Transitions: Integrating Transition Theory and Complexity Science Concepts. Advances in Nursing Science, 35(3), 236-248. Liehr, P. , Smith, M. J. (1999). Middle Range Theory: Spinning Research and Practice to Create Knowledge forthe New Millennium. Advances in Nursing Science, 21(4) 81-91. McKenn, H. (1997). Nursing Theories and Models. New York: Routledge. Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress (5th ed. ). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Sanford, R. (2000, March). Caring through Relation and Dialogue: A Nursing Perspective for Patient Education. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(3), 1-15. How to cite Middle-Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice, Essay examples

Symbolism In Young Goodman Brown Essays (1205 words) -

Symbolism In Young Goodman Brown Symbolism in Young Goodman Brown Jared Krupski English 102 Research 1 7-18-00 Jared Krupski The short story Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is the story of a man, Goodman Brown, who comes to find out that the people he surrounds himself with are not perfect. During a journey testing his faith, a traveler, the devil, is able to use Brown's naivet? against him. After the devil has his way with Goodman Brown's mind, Brown is never again able to trust even his wife, who is aptly named Faith, let alone anyone else. Brown's view on humanity thereon is one of deceit. The story is heavy in symbolism; and the major symbols of this story are Goodman Brown himself, his wife Faith and her pink ribbons, the traveler he meets, and the journey he takes. Goodman Brown's name plays as a symbol in the story. His name Goodman means Gentleman during that time period, and he is symbolic to mankind(Korb 2; Robinson 3). In spite of his name, there is no proof that Goodman Brown was ever a good person at all(Mathews 2). Throughout his whole journey into the forest, he never makes the argument that he should stop because it is morally wrong. Hawthorne provides many suggestions that indicate Brown has been looking for a way of justifying his participation, rationalizing that everyone else has done likewise(Matheson 4). Brown most likely only resists during the ceremony because he realizes that his sins will be exposed. Krupski 2 Young Goodman Brown's wife's name is Faith, and she has pink ribbons in her hair that are used as symbols throughout the story. The name Faith is symbolic of Brown's lost hope(Mathews 2). When the pink ribbon falls from the sky, he cries My Faith is gone(Hawthorne 38). Brown talks about how much faith he has, but as James Mathews points out: The insubstantiality for Brown's religious faith manifests itself in the pink ribbons of his wife's cap; their texture is aerie and their color the pastel of infancy.(2) As Goodman Brown is about to leave for his journey, the exchange between Faith and himself foreshadows the outcome of the journey. As he travels through the forest he knows he should go back to his faith and Faith but his fascination with evil compels him to go on. Brown is bewildered as he comes upon Faith at the ceremony. Sheildon Liebman says, He calls on Faith to refuse Communion because he is as afraid of revealing his own evil as he is of seeing hers(7). Finding his wife at the meeting and still believing what is going on shows that he is capable of believing anything that is thrown his way. If he can believe that his wife can have this secret presence of evil inside her, there is no hope for anyone else to gain his Krupski 3 trust. Brown tells himself that the Devil will not take hold of his faith although he has to keep reassuring himself. The traveler is symbolic of the devil and Goodman Brown's dark side(Walsh 4). As Brown approaches the traveler he finds him very familiar. It is almost as if he is a relative or even his own father. He carries a twisted staff that looks like a snake and almost seems to move in his hand(Liebman 3). All of the branches the traveler touches wilt and die. It is suggested by the traveler that even Brown's father and grandfather are a part of the devil's party, and he makes Brown meet people he has seen and knows at the ceremony. Thomas Walsh says, Doubts about his ancestors spread until Goody Cloyse, Deacon Gookion, the Parson, and finally Faith herself fall victims to his diseased mind(4). When the traveler takes Brown on his journey, Brown sees his journey as an errand or work(Keil 7). He leaves his wife after she asks him not to go, and says thinking out loud, After this one night, I'll cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven(Hawthorn 377). Taking the dark dreary road into the forest symbolizes his act of plunging into the road leading to despair(Walsh 3). The move into darkness gives the feeling of upcoming danger. Krupski 4 The journey begins at dusk continuing on into

The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Essays

The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Essays The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Paper The Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Paper The rise to power of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia unleashed one of the profoundest revolutions in world history. The upheavals were huge and resulted in misery and suffering for millions of people. One outcome was persecution of ethnic Vietnamese who had been living in Cambodia. Migration of many peoples throughout Southeast Asia has been a feature of history. This has resulted in a great deal of ethnic diversity. While most people are generally able to rub along together tolerably well, there are some exceptions and the treatment of the ethnic Vietnamese is one of these. The Vietnamese had traditionally been considered with some suspicion because of economic success wherever they had settled and because of the large numbers of the Vietnamese and, hence, the perceived threat they represented to other peoples. This situation was exacerbated in the wake of WWII when attempts to throw off European colonialism were led by the Vietnamese both in terms of success and in terms of a sustainable ideology. Communism appeared to many to be the only realistic alternative to colonial rule, since religious ideology and monarchism appealed only to minorities of people. As a result, the Vietnamese took an older brother position with respect to communism in mainland Southeast Asia. Intentionally or not, advisors and political experts quickly came to dominate thought and practice in both Cambodia and Laos. Vietnamese communism provided a real alternative to Chinese or Soviet forms and there seemed to be a real sense of an indigenous political ideology which would be able to unite the peoples of mainland Southeast Asia in independent autonomy. The Khmer Rouge victory destroyed whatever fraternal feelings were really involved in this movement. In their unleashed and unrestrained zeal, Khmer Rouge cadres turned against ethnic Vietnamese as bourgeois traitors to the revolution and undesirables. The turmoil to which this led on the border with Vietnam, as well as the instability it led to throughout the region, caused the Vietnamese to launch an invasion of Cambodia to bring some end to the decades of fighting there. This was of course condemned by the USA and looked upon by suspicion by China and, indeed, the rest of the Communist world, who looked askance upon Communist fighting supposedly Communist brother. In February of 1979, the formal alliance between China and Vietnam expired. This alliance had been born in a spirit of comradeship after centuries of Vietnamese resistance to Chinese attempts to dominate the region in one form or another. With the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and the tacit support of the USA, which was more concerned with annoying the Soviet Union, the Chinese launched an offensive when their ultimatum was ignored. Approximately 100,000 Chinese personnel invaded northern Vietnam on February 17th of that year, rapidly reaching and destroying the towns of Cao Bang and Lang Son. The Vietnamese forces resisted fiercely and, better prepared for the difficult terrain in which fighting took place, managed to kill around 30,000 Chinese. The figures for Vietnamese casualties are not known. Laos supported the Vietnamese in their invasion and in their resistance to the Chinese aggression. Really, there was little else that the Lao government could do, since it was reliant upon technical assistance and aid from both Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Deprived of diplomatic support and suffering in the Vietnamese highlands, the Chinese withdrew to within their own borders. However, this was only the precursor to years of persistent raiding on both sides of the border. The Vietnamese used a base on Mount Laoshan to launch a series of raids onto Chinese territory. Most of the action for the next eight years involved artillery fir from both sides and the terrible effects of suffering endless bombing and deprivation. Soviet warships were invited to use the Cam Ranh Bay naval facility in Vietnam, thus helping to satisfy the Soviet requirement for a warm water port which would not see their vessels iced into incapacity for months every year. From the social perspective, the war resulted in harsh treatment to ethnic Chinese who had settled in Vietnam over the years. Economic aid to both Vietnam and Cambodia was officially suspended by the international community and thousands more sought to flee either country, whether by land or by sea.

Simple Fâcher Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Fà ¢cher Verb Conjugations in French The French verb  fà ¢cher  means to make angry. Its a rather fun word and shouldnt be too difficult to remember. When you want to say made angry or is angering, a verb conjugation is necessary. A quick French lesson will show you how thats done. Conjugating the French Verb  Fà ¢cher Fà ¢cher  is a  regular -ER verb. It follows the most common verb conjugation pattern in the French language. What that means for you is that you can apply the endings you learn here to similar verbs like  admirer  (to admire) and  blesser  (to hurt). To change  fà ¢cher  to the present, future, or imperfect past tense, pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense. The table demonstrates which verb ending is added to the stem  fà ¢ch-. For instance, I am angry is je fà ¢che while we will be angry is nous fà ¢cherons. Admittedly, to make angry is not the easiest English conjugation, so you need to do some interpretation within the translation itself. Subject Present Future Imperfect je fche fcherai fchais tu fches fcheras fchais il fche fchera fchait nous fchons fcherons fchions vous fchez fcherez fchiez ils fchent fcheront fchaient The Present Participle of  Fà ¢cher The  present participle  of fà ¢cher  is  fà ¢chant. This is done by adding -ant  to the verb stem. Not only is this a verb, it can also become an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common form of the past tense was angry in French. To construct it, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  fà ¢chà ©. As an example, I was angry becomes jai fà ¢chà © and we were angry is nous avons fà ¢chà ©. More Simple Fà ¢cher Conjugations to Learn There are a few more simple verb conjugations you may encounter with  fà ¢cher. However, the present, future, and past tenses should be your first focus of study. The subjunctive and conditional verb moods each imply that the verbs action is not guaranteed. Each has a slightly different meaning, but in some way express a question to the act of becoming angry. In rare instances, you will come across either the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive. These are most often found in formal French writing, so you should be able to at least recognize them as a form of  fà ¢cher. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je fche fcherais fchai fchasse tu fches fcherais fchas fchasses il fche fcherait fcha fcht nous fchions fcherions fchmes fchassions vous fchiez fcheriez fchtes fchassiez ils fchent fcheraient fchrent fchassent The imperative verb form may be extremely useful with  fà ¢cher  because its used in short and assertive commands like, Dont make me angry! (Ne me fà ¢che pas !). When using it, theres no need to include the subject pronoun: use fà ¢che rather than tu  fà ¢che. Subject Imperative (tu) fche (nous) fchons (vous) fchez

CPAP Compliance in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Article

CPAP Compliance in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome - Article Example For instance, most individuals that undergo treatment have trouble with the machine and masks used during treatment, thus many individuals with sleep apnea often want to avoid the treatment, although the first few weeks of the treatment are usually vital. Therefore, this issue is something that must be studied with further analysis. Thus, the researchers state their hypothesis as such: "In this study, we aimed to evaluate, prospectively, the factors affecting adherence to the CPAP treatment and the correlations of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), oxygen desaturation index (OD), arousal index (RI), the lowest oxygen saturation (LO), and the body mass index (BMI) with each other, in patients with OSAS" (Yetkin, Kunter & Gunen, 2008, p. 365). The researchers then proceed with a very clear presentation of their study, discussing the methods in some detail. The article does a fantastic job of defining the size of the sample, discussing inclusion criteria, sample inclusion criteria, comparability, confounding variables, and also mentions how the subjects were assignment to groups. The authors clearly state: "Seventy-one patients were enrolled to this study. Patients were divided into three groups according to CPAP usage. Group I consisted of patients who had never used CPAP, group II consisted of patients who had used CPAP occasionally, and group-III patients had used CPAP treatment regularly. Group-III patients had higher apnea- hypopnea index (AHI) than groups I and II (respectively, Oxygen desaturation index was significantly higher in group-III patients comparing to groups I and II" (Yetkin, Kunter & Gunen, 2008, p. 366). There is also more information provided by the researchers. They state: "After 3 months, the patien ts were asked about how good they had adhered to the CPAP treatment. Then, the patients were divided into three groups according to CPAP usage ratio. Group I consisted of patients who had never used CPAP (n=23), group II consisted of patients who had used CPAP occasionally (n=24), and group-III patients had used CPAP treatment regularly (n=24). By definition, patients who did not use CPAP each and every day of the 3 months period without a valid or acceptable reason (overnight travel, CPAP device dysfunction, etc.) were classified into the group II." (Yetkin, Kunter & Gunen, 2008, p. 366). While this information is presented clearly, there are some issues that are not mentioned in the study. There is no mention of convenience and randomization of the sample, but considering the circumstances of the study, this was probably not necessary. Demographics are also not discussed, but may also not have contributed much to the study since the focus is on a particular disease. Variables are not very clearly defined, however, and this would have added to the clarity of the study. There is also no mention of potential sources of sample bias, or strengths and weaknesses of sample characteristics. This is another flaw in this study that could have contributed, and provided more information about the disease itself. As for assessment design and characteristics, the study does state the outcome to be studied-basically the adherence to CPAP treatment. The length of

Cost Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Control - Essay Example The new methods are based on activity based costing which helps in cost control up to the managerial level. Cost Control and Project Management Cost control has become a very important management tool for construction industry as it does not only helps to make a certain project successful but also gives idea to the construction firm about the most profitable project. The cost control systems can generate data which can be used for progress payment requests and future bidding predictions. Cost Control Systems and Cost Accounts An efficient cost control system is necessary for proper execution of a project. Following are the steps which are mandatory for a successful design and maintenance of a Cost Control System: 1. Determination and allocation of cost accounts is the first step for a cost control system. Proper breakdown of a project into various heads based on type of activity and work is essential. These heads into which the project is divided are known as cost accounts. Establish ing cost accounts helps in maintaining a relationship between the project expenditure and the general accounts of the firm. 2. The formulation of a proper project cost plan is the next step because it helps in setting up a mechanism according to which the actual cost of the project could be compared with the estimated/budgeted cost. Moreover project cost plan also helps in relating costs of the project to the project schedule. 3. Cost Data Collection is the next step in which the actual cost data is collected by various means which include historical data, vendor quotations, supplier catalogs and market surveys. 4. Project Cost Reporting should be done according to the requirement of managerial staff and the Cost Control Engineer should be able to identify the data which is beneficial to the managerial staff. 5. After collecting the data and analyzing it, the final step is selection of Cost Engineering techniques best suited to the project scenario. Cost Coding System and Structure Since the construction projects are of very large magnitude and there is a huge amount of data which has to be organized. Cost coding systems are used for organizing the cost control data so that the required information can be accessed easily. Various organizations like American Road Builders Association, Associated General Contractors and the Construction Specifications Institute have developed cost coding systems and a project manager and cost control engineer can select the appropriate system according to the project under consideration. The cost coding system helps in giving a proper structure to the cost control breakdown of a project. Various cost accounts are given cost codes according to the detail incorporated in them. Cost control codes have various detail levels, the longer is the cost code the higher is the detail present in it. The various details which are present in a cost code are project initiation year, project type, project number, construction type classificatio n, work classification, functional classification etc. This makes project codes as long as 13-digit, but these details can easily be processed in computers and is also understandable as the people working in the cost control department have a very clear idea of these codes. Cost control matrix is another way of controlling cost which traces the overlapping areas between material and work cost accounts. Earned Value Method Earned Value Meth

Network Troubleshooting Symptoms And Solutions

Network Troubleshooting Symptoms And Solutions Data transfer from one point to another is the most important aspect of computers. Networks should be safe, reliable and secure for data movement. Any problem which occurs with computer networks causes havoc. Understanding networks, the way they work, and how they are built helps a network administrator to identify and fix the problems. 11.2 Procedure to troubleshoot network problems A simple formula that enables network administrators solve any kind of network problem is: Identify the symptoms. Identify the affected area. Determine what has changed Select the most probable cause Implement a solution Test the result Recognise the potential effects of the solution Document the solution 11,2,1 Identify Symptoms Indicators are either physical or logical symptoms that help determine the nature of the problem, the reach of the problem, etc. These symptoms enable a network administrator to take timely preventive measures to solve the problem before it grows beyond control. System or operator problems System errors arise from a computer, network device or a process that is not related to a users direct interaction with the system or network. Such errors can occur due to hardware failure, faults in the process of data transfer or manipulation. Operator errors are a direct consequence of a users action. The actions that can cause such errors may be incorrect log in, wrong connections to a server, misidentification of servers or network devices, incomplete network connections, etc. Mistakes on part of the network administrator that are common causes of operator errors are misconfiguration of devices, programs or services. Link lights When a networking device detects a network connection a green or amber Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is turned ON. This is the link light that shines when in the ON state. Components of a network are designed with link lights to show the state of the network connection. When a physical network connection is present a link light remains on and another light is present that displays the current activity of the network card and blinks, pluses, during data transfer.. Link lights are designed to not light up in case of an incorrect network cable connection. By examining the link light of a device, a user can determine if a network connection is running or not. Collision lights Lights that indicate whether a certain connection is facing problems due to packets colliding with one another is a collision light. The collision light (activity light) is green while sending and receiving data and is yellow or orange when a collision error is detected. The packet being received or sent is lost when a collision occurs. Faulty cables or hubs can result in packets being generated from other packets or electrical interfaces which when in large magnitude are called chatter. These network chatters can end up halting an entire network because of data packet collision. Network administrators and users should monitor these lights to detect network chatter and avoid it. Power lights A power light indicates if there is power supply to the networking device or not. In case there is no power supply the power light is off. The power supply cables or wall connectors should be checked for proper connections while troubleshooting a network problem. Error displays A device failure or malfunction is indicated by an error display. A visual error dialogue box on the computer or an LED error display on the network device is the form of an error display. These displays also describe the problem that is detected. Typically, an error display relates to an error code that should be referred by the user to identify the cause and a suitable solution. Every physical or logical problem has a unique solution provided by its manufacturer which can be found in its documentation. Error logs and displays A list of the errors encountered on a network device is the error log. The time of the error occurrence, the nature of the error and a suitable solution is what constitutes an error log. The information found in an error log is not sufficient to solve a problem and requires the support of the related documentation to resolve the problem. Error logs are important sources of information that includes the time of the error, probable cause and other processes affected by the error. An error display gives a visual alert of a problem and logs it in the error log. Not all error displays require immediate attention but a few are warnings that do not indicate an existing error but need attention. An Event Viewer is an error logging mechanism which is typical to Windows-based OS such as Windows clients and servers. Event viewer is a critical tool in diagnosing and resolving a problem. Red-X error entries that have occurred are recorded in an event viewer. This is an application that reads the binary log files stored at system32config folder. To view the error logs, the network administrator requires to view the config folder because the event viewer collects information from the files located in that folder. Error logs are of three types which should be monitored by the network administrator regularly and they are as follows:. System log Error messages that are related to device driver failure, service start failure and general information about OS events are recorded in the system log. Security log When auditing has been enabled all security related events are recorded in a security log. Application log Events that are generated by application running on top of the OS are recorded in an application log. Identify network problems Troubleshooting a network is one of the key concept in networking. Identifying network problems and determining methods of troubleshooting these problems is vitally important for smooth functioning of a network. The job of highlighting the problem is usually done by the network user. This should not be the basis on which an administrator should attack a problem. It is advisable to experience the problem in person along with the user who reported it. This helps the network administrator confirm if the problem is real or just an error. There are certain users whose knowledge about computers and networks is not vast. With such users when a problem is reported, a first-hand inspection and confirmation are necessary. The best approach to solving a problem is by determining its scope. The reason why an understanding of the nature of the problem is essential is that it determines the line of attack. Gathering information helps the network administrator to narrow down to the root of the problem. This approach avoids a network administrator spending unnecessary time on unnecessary jobs. After the network administrator is able to pinpoint the cause of the problem, then finding a solution is possible. A network administrator must first gather information to find out if the problem is with a single computer or with the entire network. In case the problem is local, then the entire network is not burdened and a solution can be found easily. The first logical step that is to be taken is to check all cable connections to and from the system. It is not advisable to look into bigger issues or target larger sources when the cause might be very simple. The reason why a system is not able to connect to other systems may be that the network cable is not plugged in properly into the system. When the cable is connected properly, the network connection is up and running. For example, if two systems in a network are not able to communicate with each other then the network administrator can perform simple checks like verifying the connections between the systems or connections to the network A network administrator should check if a problem is consistent and replicable. If the problem reported unique to a system or can it be replicated in other systems in the network. If the same problem is reported from another system also, then the problem is consistent and replicable. The degree of damage is high in such a case since many systems are affected. If the problem is identified to be with the network, then the network administrator must reach to the cause of the problem step-by-step. A large computer network requires a lot of effort from the network administrators and users for it to run smoothly. Adding to the huge task of maintenance is the job of fixing a problem. It becomes difficult to identify the actual problem for there are numerous workgroups and workstations. It is advisable to approach large network problems with the trial and error method. The administrator should first check the local system from where a problem has been reported. A thorough check of its cable connections, network links, power supplies and so on should be done. If the problem is not with a local system then other systems in the vicinity should be checked. The routers to and from the system should be verified for proper functioning. The various connections should be verified. One of the best methods to check and fix network problems is to try connecting to other systems and parts of the network by pinging to them. 11.2.2 Identify the affected area. After the cause of the problem is identified it is simple logic to isolate the affected area. This step helps an administrator narrow down to the core of the problem. With many issues to be handled at a time; administrators must prioritise the problems. Issues which affect work to a large extent should be fixed first and the rest should follow sequentially. By doing this the downtime can be reduced and the system can be fixed faster. Same line, different computer While trying to solve a problem it is important to isolate the affected system. A simple method of testing if the problem is replicable is by replacing the original workstation with another system which is known to have no problems. By confirming if the problem is with the local system or beyond it, the network administrator eliminates one factor of the problem. An easy way of isolating the system is by replacing it with another system. This step determines if a problem is computer specific or not. Same computer, different line When a user reports of a problem, another method by which the administrator can reach the cause of the problem is by changing the network cables for the system. By doing this, the possibility of a network error can be identified or nullified. In case the system works properly with a new connection, then it is for sure that the problem is with the original network and not the computer. Swapping components In a network, hubs, cables, terminators can be swapped with other systems to check for replication or consistency of a problem. This helps in case there is a faulty component and the work of the original system user is not disturbed since a spare is in place. This step helps determine the scope of the problem and address it appropriately. Prioritising work is very important for network administrators and network administrators since the time and effort used to fix a problem should help users to get back to work faster. Bigger and crucial problems require immediate action while the smaller ones can be addressed after the bigger ones are fixed. Isolating segments of the network By isolating parts of the network spread of the problem is checked such that the entire network does not collapse. The systems which have reported issues are required to be disconnected from the network and terminators plugged in. This is a safe practice as it helps the network administrators fix the problem with lesser overloads of data and work. Steps for problem isolation are given in Table 11.1 Step Action Determine which systems are and which are not showing symptoms. Separate the systems that are showing symptoms from those that are not with hubs or terminators. Rule out simple issues. Reset all major connections to and from the system. Eliminate cable problems. Check for physical damage or erroneous connections of cables. Eliminate serious cable issues. Use TDR to find out cable problems. Table 11.1 Methods to isolate network problems. 11.2.3 Determine what has changed Computer networks have many components, both hardware and software that can be replaced or reset to meet the requirements of the business. This can also be one of the causes of a network problem. For example, if a user reports of a problem after a system in a network is replaced then the administrator should check if the address of the changed system is properly recorded and connected with the existing network. To be able to fix problems when changes are made to the network, it is advisable to maintain proper records of all details about the new and existing network such as the points of change, the components of change, their versions, IP addresses and network cables. A detailed documentation system helps fix such issues quickly. Checking the status of servers Servers are an integral and crucial resource in a network. Their health is very important for functioning of a network. Therefore it is logical to check the server status when faced with a problem. If sever issues are not addresses on time, then the degree of damage can be high. A few server monitoring tasks that can monitor their status are as follows: Check services Check error logs Check connectivity Monitor performance and network traffic Confirm alerts and alarms Verify backup logs along with test restores. Checking error logs Error logs are an important source of information for a network administrator. It throws light on the errors that have occurred and their nature. The amount of damage can also be assessed from this log. The administrator can prioritise errors on the extent of damage and fix them in that order. It is important to review the error log on a daily basis because certain errors have dependencies which can spread the damage faster. It is advisable to make it a habit to check the error logs at some point of time in the day to help the network work better. Connectivity between systems or servers can be tested using the Ping feature. If the system at the other end of the ping message responds then the connection is intact, else a thorough check of the connection should be done. Regular checks should be carried out to look out for server overload problems. An overloaded server can slow down system performance and speed. Backup servers should also be monitored for updates and performance. In the event of an emergency backup data and resources are very crucial. An alert system can be designed which can raise alarms when predefined limits are exceeded. This is a good preventive measure that helps in proper functioning of a network. Checking for configuration problems Before introducing a new resource into the network it is necessary to verify the existing configurations and connections. In case the existing settings are incorrect, then the new resource cannot work. For example, before setting up a new server it is good to check the base OS, TCP/IP, network cables, error logs and memory allocation for accuracy. This improves performance and does not allow deterioration of the system. After the existing settings and connections are verified the new resource and additional services must be configured accurately. There are a few tasks which require the entire network to be turned off for a few minutes before rebooting. This activity has to be timed for low work load hours. A few critical services which determine functioning of the entire network and requries constant monitor and accurate configuration are: DNS a Microsoft active directory and other Internet-based applications supports this service. A detailed plan should be in place before configuring a DNS which require a list of information before installation. Domain name WINS WINS is a feature similar to DNS which resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses. This is a dynamic service which can add, modify and delete name registrations and avoid human errors and save time. WINS has many configuration possibilities and the user can add a static mapping for clients or severs. Host file Host files and DNS are similar in function. Host files require manual configuration of database with exact mappings of hostname to IP addresses. Host files reside on every computer making the process of updating difficult. It is very important to provide correct hostname to IP address mappings so that all rules that apply to the DNS, also apply to the host files. To avoid typing errors while configuring host files, it is safe to copy the existing hosts to the newly created file and on each of the machines. Checking for viruses Viruses are a huge and common threat to computers. A computer network is at greater risk as the number of computers is large and the damage can be huge. Protecting networks and computers outside of networks from viruses is a top priority job. Viruses grow in the computer world at a pace which matches the growth in the biological world. The mechanisms to destroy viruses evolve every minute to fight the strongest and newest virus. It is the job of the network administrator to keep the network free of viruses. Constant updates of virus definition files, scans to check for entry of viruses and antivirus software are the most popular and best methods to fight them. Preventive measures are best when deployed round the clock. All resources in a network should be scanned for viruses and guarded from them. Every piece of software and hardware is crucial to the smooth working of a network or system. There are a number of virus scanning utilities available in the market which enables computers to automatically update virus definition files from a core server therefore avoiding the administrator making trips to each workstation. Checking the validity of account name and password Account name and password are the gates that lead the user to a whole world of services, applications and data. Their validity matters a lot for the user to be able to access services, applications or data. Many services use the built-in system account details for success while a few other services require the user to log on to a remote system. This task requires an account name and password that resides in the network account database. To activate certain services or applications, administrative privileges or membership in certain groups is necessary which again requires account name and password. For quite a few system-related tasks, administrative rights are required which allows the user to modify certain settings to suit the need. The worst situation is when a network administrator has configured many applications and services with the administrator account which gets deleted on end of service of the administrator. If all services and applications using the administrator account are disabled and access is denied, then it is very difficult to fix this. Rechecking operator logon procedures Very often users end up facing problems with passwords. Users try to logon to a part of the network for which access is not granted, forget passwords, do not remember the case-sensitive feature of passwords, and so on. Many a times a user tries more than thrice to logon with a certain or different passwords after which the user is locked out. To resolve this minor but deep-penetrating issue the administrator must reset the password for the user. Passwords should be changed at regular intervals for safety and to avoid expiry and this is an issue for many users. Selecting and running appropriate diagnostics Diagnostics is an essential tool to even out variations and eradicate potential problems in a network. Though this is a preventive mechanism the benefits of using it are many. Diagnostics look out for bottlenecks and problematic situations. Diagnostic tools bring out problems or drawbacks and limitations that can be fixed before they erupt as big problems. While choosing a diagnostic program the user should bear in mind the network requirements for which it is to be employed. Smaller networks should use simple diagnostic programs while large networks require extensive protocol analysing and packet sniffing products. Free diagnostic products such as performance monitor and network monitor work well for a medium sized network. To utilise the tool to the maximum without affecting the network performance, the network administrator must research the diagnostic product in depth. With experience and products like these, an administrator is able to identify the problem in time and resolve it effectively. A reliable baseline of activities must be established for testing. Snapshots of different activities at different time periods of the day, week and month helps assess the network efficiently and accurately. 11.2.4 Select the most probable cause Of the many steps suggested to solve a problem, experience of the network administrator is a capability that matters a lot for the process. In case the network administrator is not well versed with the network or common network issues, resolving becomes a tough task. The way a network administrator approaches a problem solves the issue to quite an extent for it can guide or misguide the way the solution is built. In case a new or an outside network administrator is being roped in to solve a network problem the chances of long system downtime is high. The new network administrator has to get familiarised with the network, and then look out for probable causes. The more the experienced the network administrator is, the easier it is to solve the problem. Many a times problems may be similar across systems and a network administrator can tap the experience from the past to fix it faster. A company can benefit largely from a full-time network administrator and who knows the details of the network at the back of the mind. Common problems and their probable causes The common network problems are their probable causes are given in Table 11.2 Problem Probable cause Cannot connect to a computer on a remote network. A routing issue in all probability. Check if it is possible to connect to a local system and ping the router or another system on the remote network. Communication in the entire network is down. If in a coax-based network, check for loose connections. If in a twisted-pair network, check if the hub is operational. If in a token ring network, check if the computer is not beaconing. Takes a very long time to connect to a network resource. Network may be overloaded. A device on the system is not functioning and network connection is not possible. A network card configuration issue in most cases. Check if the NIC is configured properly. Driver may be loaded incorrectly. Communication in a local network is not possible, but other networks are working. Check if the hub/switch is not locked up. Check if the network adapter is configured properly. No Internet access. Check the Internet gateway. Check the router present has a dedicated Internet connection. Check the Internet providers network. Token ring network is locked up. Someone in the network is beaconing. Also check if the bridge is locking up. Table 11.2 Certain problems and probable causes 11.2.5 Implement a solution In order to fix a problem a network administrator can consult others, read related documents, research from the Internet and seek help from the vendor help lines. Finally with a solution on hand that seems most suitable it should be implemented without any delay. 11.2.6 Test the result Confirming if the solution implemented is correct and has solved the problem is very crucial to the problem solving process. Any user contacts the network administrator with a hope of fixing the problem and getting back to work. If the network administrator leaves the user without confirming if the solution provided is correct, then the purpose of the network administrator being present is defeated. It is the duty of the network administrator to ensure that the problem with which the user had approached does not repeat. 11.2.7 Recognise the potential effects of the solution With a working solution in place the next factor that a network administrator should consider is the aftermath of the solution. Many instances can be found where a certain solution to a problem has triggered problems in other parts of the system or network. This cascading effect of a solution requires to be monitored and checked. For example, a user may report a system communication problem and a solution can be provided by resetting of the network cables. The local problem of the system not being able to communicate might be solved, but the system might still not be able to connect to some other parts of the network. Such rippling effects of a solution require attention from the network administrator. Proper implementation of a solution, confirming its working and nullifying all side effects of a solution completes the solution phase. 11.2.8 Documenting the solution After a problem reported has been solved and work is back to normal, it is the job of the network administrator who solved it to document it properly for future use. The fact that certain problems might recur after some period of time, a new network administrator might face a problem already solved earlier, and so on are the reasons why documentation is necessary. An organisation benefits from proper documentation of troubleshooting when there is a change of hands with network administrators, saving on time by not going through the whole process after an apt solution is found by one. It even benefits when a certain solution has faded in the memory of a network administrator. Proper documentation for each aspect of troubleshooting is as good as providing an appropriate solution on time. 11.3 Common connectivity issues in a network The common connectivity issues in a network can be of two types network failure due to physical problems such as device or cable issues and logical problems such as invalid IP addresses or VLAN problems. 11.3.1 Physical issues Cabling problems are the most common physical issues. Visual indicators such as link lights, activity lights and collision lights can be used to fix these problems. A few common problems that a network administrator fixes are: Recognising abnormal physical conditions To be able to recognise deviations from the normal, a good knowledge of what is the normal is essential. If the user is not aware of the default information, then it is not possible to alter or reset details. A user should be aware of certain issues in order to spot a problem. These issues are as follow: Authentication takes more time. More errors are logged than usual. Printing is taking more time. Connecting to a network is getting slower. Connections to resources are being lost. Isolating and correcting problems in the physical media Network cables are the most vulnerable resources in a network. They end up leading to a whole range of problems and can get fixed easily. The cable which is at a high risk of problems is the cable from the workstation to the wall jack. A solution as simple as plugging it back can solve network problems at times. If the problem is not solved, try another cable and try with other cables till contact is established. Cable problem Probable solution Communication in the entire network is down. Check if the cable is intact. The point at which the cable has been damaged should be reconnected with a new cable. The new UTP cable is not enabling network communication. The network is working with the test cable. The new UTP cable might be a crossover cable. Test the connections with a cable tester and replace the UTP cable if not fine. A system was moved to a new location and is not able to communicate now. The system is working properly. Cables might be damaged during transit. Replace the old cables with new ones for proper connection. Table 11.3: Common cable problems and probable solutions. Crosstalk When adjacent wires interfere with a certain wire system it is called crosstalk. The first indication of crosstalk is signal degradation. Using another cable type with multiple layers of shielding is the best solution for this problem. Nearing cross talk Issues in network connectivity occur when a cable wire causes electromagnetic interference in the wires adjacent to it and releases a current. This point has the strongest possibility of cross talk and is generally present in the first part of the wire which is connected to a connector, switch or NIC. Nearing crosstalk helps to measure this type of cross talk. Attenuation Signals degrade as the distance they travel increases, this is called attenuation. If a user finds it difficult to communicate with system at quite a distance, then the maximum cable length for that type of cable would have exceeded. In such a case, a repeater can be used at some point in the cable to reamplify signals or a different cable type can be used. Collisions Data collision is a common issue when there are many systems in a network. Data packets travelling across the network collide with each other affecting network performance. To resolve this issue network hubs can be replaced with switches which has each port on the switch owning its own network segment ensuring that data does not collide. Shorts A network short leads to network downtime. Using a cable analyser to identify shorts can reduce the problem of connectivity and shorts. Open impedance mismatch (echo) Network signals bounce causing communication problems due to high impedance. Signals bounce because of miswired cables or incorrect connectors. Recrimping of the cable is a good solution to avoid high impedance problems. Interference Network cables experience signal interference from external components like power cables, backup lines, etc. Network cables should be laid away from agents that can interfere with its signals. 11.3.2 Logical issues Logical issues have simple solutions but can lead to huge problems if not addressed properly. A few logical issues and solutions are listed in this section. Port speed and duplex settings Confirming that the speed and duplex settings of the network card are set correctly avoids problems for systems connecting to each other across a network. Incorrect VLAN Communication between systems across VLANs is not possible unless there is routing done between them. Therefore placing systems corresponding to the VLAN is important. Incorrect IP address If IP addresses of systems a

Compare Christopher Marlowe with Greg Smenda Essay

The passion for romance is something for human beings for thousands and thousands of years has never been changed, they always willing to give the best they have to their love, in order to move their hearts immediately. Both of the poem of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† and â€Å"The Passionate Astronaut to His Love† are showing the addressers’ patronal romance like others did. However, with the change of time setting, to scene can be so different. One is more classic and humanity and the other one is more modern and technical. CLASSIC AND HUMANITY In†The Passionate Shepherd to His Love†, the first line of the first stanza, the shepherd makes gently and directly calls to his love. The Shepherd invites his love to come with him and â€Å"pleasures prove† (line 2.) This immediate reference to pleasure gives a mildly romantic tone to this poem. He implies that the entire landscape of the countryside of England â€Å"Valleys, groves, hills and fields/Woods or steeply mountains† will prove to contain pleasure of all kinds for the lovers. He use the beauty of nature to offer his love. It’s a very common theme in pastoral poetry. The next stanza suggests that the lovers will take their entertainment not in a theatre or at a banquet, but sitting upon rocks or by rivers. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas are a kind of list of the â€Å"delights†, mostly sartorial, that the Shepherd will make for his love. The list of the things he will make for his lady reveal a great deal about the situation of the â€Å"Shepherd† and what he can offer his love. But in reality this increasingly fanciful list of gifts such as the gold buckles, the coral clasps, and the amber studs could only come from a member of the gentry, or a merchant in a town. The fantasy of bucolic paradise is entirely idealized. Incidentally, the plants mentioned (roses, flowers, and myrtle) are conventional horticultural expressions of romance. The rose, especially, was sacred to the goddess Venus (and it is how roses have come to symbolize  romantic love in some modern Western cultures.) The image of the Shepherd as a member of the gentry becomes complete when, in the last stanza, it is said â€Å"The shepherd swains shall dance and sing/ for thy delight each May-morning.† The picture here is of other shepherds doing the speaker’s bidding. The poem ends with an â€Å"if† statement, and contains a slightly somber note. There is no guarantee that the lady will find these country enticements enough to follow the Shepherd, and since the construction of them is preposterous and fantastical to begin with, the reader is left with the very real possibility that the Shepherd will be disappointed. LINK PARAGRAPH Passionate Shepherd to His Love was appealing to a popular genre in Elizabethan England countryside. On reading on Greg Smenda’s parody of the poem, it’s obvious that he is appealing to a more modern reader. The timeline was in 1960s when space invention was popular. The intention of the two poems is very different. It mining the movement of desire. MODERN AND TECHNICAL. By looking at the title, reader can pick up easily it’s a parody. They both have the same structure of total six stanzas and four lines each. They also use similar words and phrases such as the first stanza starts with ‘Come live with me and be my mate’ similar words but Smenda used mate which sound less romantic than love. Both of them makes directly calls to their love. He invites his mate to come with him, but instead of ‘pleasures prove’ it’s ‘pleasure spate’ which gives a sense of horror instead of romance. He implies that the entire landscape of the moon which doesn’t sound particularly romantic, but he offer what he think is the best. Space is very popular topic at that time. The next stanza also suggest that the lovers will take their entertainment, but is sitting on lunar crust, beside some crater holes with engines humming which sounds awful. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas are also kind of list of the ‘delights’ that the Astronaut will make for his lady love, but they doesn’t make a great deal about the situation of the ‘Astronaut’ and what he can offer to his love. A bed of plastic is easy to reach and doesn’t sound comfortable to sleep on. For an astronaut, a space suit is also easily available. In reality the gift he offered sounds good but they are not comparable than any sorts of treasures. The plastic, especially, was not aesthetically pleasing and doesn’t have the connection with romance at all. The image of the Astronaut becomes complete when, in the last stanza, it is said ‘The astronaut colony shall for you sing’ the picture here is also of other astronaut doing the speaker’s bidding. The poem is also end with an ‘if’ statement, but add a very strong phrases with an exclamation mark at the very end, so the reader is left with a very positive feeling that the Astronaut will be accepted. CONCLUSION Even though these two poem are based on the same structure and same sense of emergent for inviting their love one, they have completely different feeling. Marlowe’s poem can be described as classic and humanity, but Smenda’s poem can be described as modern and technical. So it’s clear that The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is more romantic than The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.

Paper Writing Service Canada - Is it a Scam?

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U.S. Government Need to Give Larger Funding NASA - 1646 Words

Have you ever looked up into the night sky and wondered what life outside of Earth would be like? Many people don’t realize the scale of space. You are essentially a grain of sand on an endless beach. NASA is a space exploration program dedicated to discovering the â€Å"beach† we live in. However, it costs billions of dollars to explore space. The United States government must raise the lowered funding of NASA, allowing the program to perform larger missions at a faster rate. NASA is responsible for putting a man on the Moon, landing rovers on the surface of Mars, and many other astounding accomplishments. They perform all of these feats through funding from the United States government. NASA shouldn’t have to deal with budget cuts because of the work they put in and the information they learn from space. To begin with, funding for NASA has dramatically been reduced compared to the 1960s during the Space Race (Budget of NASA 1). In 1966, where the funding for NASA peaked, the United States government gave NASA almost 6 billion dollars which is about 37 billion dollars today (1). This was equal to about 4.4% of the United States annual budget (1). The last official record of the NASA budget was in 2012, a little over 18 billion dollars (1). This still sounds like a lot of money, which it is, but the cut has reduced the budget by a third of what it used to be (1). NASA has had to turn towards smaller, single purpose satellites and probes (Butler 59). This is a good and badShow MoreRelatedThe Space Administration ( Nasa ) And Kennedy Space Center1416 Words   |  6 PagesShuttle, in which thousands of workers lost their jobs and other individuals where forced to move away to different locations across the United States to find work. I will be focusing on the obstacles that National Aero nautic Space Administration (NASA) and Kennedy Space Center are presented with from the view points of many different angles. 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